Music

Music Theory

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<span style="font-size: 1.8em;">Music theory</span></div>
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"The term is used in three main ways in music, though all three are interrelated. The first is what is otherwise called 'rudiments', currently taught as the elements of notation, of key signatures, of time signatures, of rhythmic notation, and so on. Theory in this sense is treated as the necessary preliminary to the study of harmony, counterpoint, and form. The second is the study of writings about music from ancient times onwards. [...] The third is an area of current musicological study that seeks to define processes and general principles in music — a sphere of research that can be distinguished from analysis in that it takes as its starting-point not the individual work or performance but the fundamental materials from which it is built."[1]</div>
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Music theory is frequently concerned with describing how musicians and composers make music, including tuning systems and composition methods among other topics. Because of the ever-expanding conception of what constitutes music (see Definition of music), a more inclusive definition could be that music theory is the consideration of any sonic phenomena, including silence, as they relate to music. This is not an absolute guideline; for example, the study of "music" in the Quadrivium liberal arts university curriculum that was common in medieval Europe was an abstract system of proportions that was carefully studied at a distance from actual musical practice.[2] However, this medieval discipline became the basis for tuning systems in later centuries, and it is generally included in modern scholarship on the history of music theory.</div>
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Music theory as a practical discipline encompasses the methods and concepts composers and other musicians use in creating music. The development, preservation, and transmission of music theory in this sense may be found in oral and written music-making traditions, musical instruments, and other artifacts. For example, ancient instruments from Mesopotamia, China,[3] and prehistoric sites around the world reveal details about the music they produced and potentially something of the musical theory that might have been used by their makers (see History of music and Musical instrument). In ancient and living cultures around the world, the deep and long roots of music theory are clearly visible in instruments, oral traditions, and current music making. Many cultures, at least as far back as ancient Mesopotamia and ancient China, have also considered music theory in more formal ways such as written treatises and music notation. Practical and scholarly traditions overlap, as many practical treatises about music place themselves within a tradition of other treatises, which are cited regularly just as scholarly writing cites earlier research.</div>
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In modern academia, music theory is a subfield of musicology, the wider study of musical cultures and history. Etymologically, music theory is an act of contemplation of music, from the Greek θεωρία, a looking at, viewing, contemplation, speculation, theory, also a sight, a spectacle.[4] As such, it is often concerned with abstract musical aspects such as tuning and tonal systems, scales, consonance and dissonance, and rhythmic relationships, but there is also a body of theory concerning practical aspects, such as the creation or the performance of music, orchestration, ornamentation, improvisation, and electronic sound production.[5] A person who researches, teaches, or writes articles about music theory is a music theorist. University study, typically to the M.A. or Ph.D level, is required to teach as a tenure-track music theorist in a US or Canadian university. Methods of analysis include mathematics, graphic analysis, and especially analysis enabled by Western music notation. Comparative, descriptive, statistical, and other methods are also used. Music theory textbooks, especially in the United States of America, often include elements of musical acoustics, considerations of musical notation, and techniques of tonal composition (Harmony and Counterpoint), among other topics.</div>
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History</h3>
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Prehistory</div>
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Preserved prehistoric instruments, artifacts, and later depictions of performance in artworks give insight into early music-making and as such might implicitly reveal something of a prehistoric theory of music. See for instance Paleolithic flutes, Gǔdí, and Anasazi flute.</div>
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Antiquity</h3>
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Mesopotamia</h4>
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Several surviving Sumerian and Akkadian clay tablets include musical information of a theoretical nature, mainly lists of intervals and tunings.[6] The scholar Sam Mirelman reports that the earliest of these texts dates from before 1500 BCE, a millennium earlier than surviving evidence from any other culture of comparable musical thought. Further, "All the Mesopotamian texts [about music] are united by the use of a terminology for music that, according to the approximate dating of the texts, was in use for over 1,000 years."[7]</div>
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China</div>
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See also: Music of China and Chinese musicology</div>
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Much of Chinese music history and theory remains unclear.[8]</div>
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The earliest texts about Chinese music theory are inscribed on the stone and bronze bells excavated in 1978 from the tomb of Marquis Yi (died 433 BCE) of the Zeng state. They include more than 2800 words describing theories and practices of music pitches of the time. The bells produce two intertwined pentatonic scales three tones apart with additional pitches completing the chromatic scale.[9]</div>
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Chinese theory starts from numbers, the main musical numbers being twelve, five and eight. Twelve refers to the number of pitches on which the scales can be constructed. The Lüshi chunqiu from about 239 BCE recalls the legend of Ling Lun. On order of the Yellow Emperor, Ling Lun collected twelve bamboo lengths with thick and even nodes. Blowing on one of these like a pipe, he found its sound agreeable and named it huangzhong, the "Yellow Bell." He then heard phoenixes singing. The male and female phoenix each sang six tones. Ling Lun cut his bamboo pipes to match the pitches of the phoenixes, producing twelve pitch pipes in two sets: six from the male phoenix and six from the female: these were called the lülü or later the shierlü.</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
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Music Theory

Music theory "The term is used in three main ways in music, though all three are interrelated. The first is what is otherwise ...

Middle age music

kshitiz shakya 0 violin 10:46 PM

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THE HISTORY OF MUSIC</div>
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The Middle Ages 450-1450</h3>
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Characteristics of Music</div>
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          Music comes from the Ancient Greek muses, who were the nine goddesses of art and science.  Music actually began around 500 B.C. when Pythagoras experimented with acoustics and how math related to tones formed from plucking strings.  The main form of music during the Middle Ages was the Gregorian chant, named for Pope Gregory I.  This music was used in the Catholic Churches to enhance the services.  It consisted of a sacred Latin text sung by monks without instrumentation.  The chant is sung in a monophonic texture, which means there is only one line of music.  It has a free-flowing rhythm with little or no set beat.  The chants were originally all passed through oral tradition, but the chants became so numerous that the monks began to notate them. </div>
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Music in Society</h4>
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Towards the end of the Middle Ages, about the 12th and 13th centuries, music began to move outside of the church.  French nobles called troubadours and trouveres were among the first to have written secular songs.  Music of this time was contained among the nobility, with court minstrels performing for them.  There were also wandering minstrels who would perform music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares.  These people were among the lowest social class, along with prostitutes and slaves, but they were important because they passed along information, since there were no newspapers.</div>
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Links to Composers of the Middle Ages</div>
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Queen Blanche of Castile (1188-1252)</div>
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Comtessa Beatiz de Dia (attested 1212)</div>
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Herrad of Landsberg (1167-1195)</div>
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Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179)</div>
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Leonin (1163-1190)</div>
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The Renaissance 1450-1600</h4>
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Characteristics of Music</div>
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          During the Renaissance Period, vocal music was still more important then instrumental.  A humanistic interest in language created a close relationship between words and music during this time.  Composers began to write music to give deeper meaning and emotion to the words in their songs.  They wrote in a style referred to as word painting, where the music and words combine to form a representation of poetic images.  Renaissance music is very emotional music, although to us it seems to be much calmer.  This is because the emotion is expressed in a balanced way, without extreme contrasts of dynamics, tone color, and rhythm.  Renaissance music has a mostly polyphonic texture, which means there are many lines of music being played at the same time.  As opposed to medieval times, this music has a more full sound, because the bass register was used, expanding the range of music to about four octaves.  Each line of melody has rhythmic independence, giving Renaissance music a more flowing rhythm and not a sharply defined beat.  The melodies are also easy to sing because they move along scales with few large leaps.</div>
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Music in Society</h4>
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          Music was becoming more popular during this time.  Much of this was due to the invention of the printing press, which could circulate copies of music.  The number of composers also began to increase.  The Renaissance had the ideal of the “universal man” and believed that every educated person was to be trained in music.  Musicians still worked in the churches, courts, and towns.  The size of church choirs grew.  But unlike the Middle Ages where just a few soloists performed in the church, an entire male choir would now sing.  Music was still important in the church, although it has shifted more to the courts.  The kings, princes, and dukes were all fine composers.  One court alone might have had ten to sixty composers consisting of vocalists and instrumentalists.  There was a music director for each court that would compose and direct the court’s performers.  The town musicians would perform for civic processions, weddings, and religious services.  Musicians now had a higher status in society with better pay, and they wanted to be known and sought credit for their work.</div>
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Links to Composers of the Renaissance</h4>
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Antoine Brumel (1460-1520)</div>
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Jean de Castro (1540-1611)</div>
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John Dowland (1563-1626)</div>
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Thomas Morley (1557-1602)</div>
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Claudin de Sermisy (1490-1562)</div>
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The Baroque Age 1600-1750</h4>
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Characteristics of Music</div>
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          Unlike the previous two periods in music, the Baroque Age was a time of unity.  Most musical pieces of this time expressed one mood throughout the whole piece.  These moods were conveyed through a musical language with specific rhythms and melodic patterns.  One exception to the unified mood is vocal music.  There would be drastic changes in emotion, but they would still convey one mood for a long period in the piece.  One thing that helps the unity of mood was the continuity of rhythm of this time.  The rhythm is maintained throughout the entire piece creating a drive and feel of forward motion that goes uninterrupted.  Along with mood and rhythm, the melody is also continuous.  The melodies tend to be varied throughout the piece and many are elaborate and difficult to sing or remember.  They do not give an impression of balance and symmetry; many times a short opening phrase is followed by a longer one with a flow of rapid notes.  Dynamics are in the same category with the other characteristics; they are usually continuous.  The dynamics in Baroque music have a term called terraced dynamics.  This means that the dynamics usually stay the same for a while, but shift suddenly.  Much of the Baroque music was played in a polyphonic texture with multiple melodic lines.  People of this time believed that music could move the listener in more ways than one.  Opera was a major ideal for this belief.</div>
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 Source:<a href="http://webpages.shepherd.edu/BREICH01/">webpages.shepherd.edu</a></div>
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Middle age music

THE HISTORY OF MUSIC The Middle Ages 450-1450 Characteristics of Music Music comes from the Ancient Greek muses...

Music Genre

kshitiz shakya 0 piano 10:41 PM

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Music genre<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions.[1] It is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably.[2][not in citation given] Recently, academics have argued that categorizing music by genre is inaccurate and outdated.[3]</div>
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Music can be divided into different genres in many different ways. The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often subjective and controversial, and some genres may overlap. There are even varying academic definitions of the term genre itself. In his book Form in Tonal Music, Douglass M. Green distinguishes between genre and form. He lists madrigal, motet, canzona, ricercar, and dance as examples of genres from the Renaissance period. To further clarify the meaning of genre, Green writes, "Beethoven's Op. 61 and Mendelssohn's Op. 64 are identical in genre – both are violin concertos – but different in form. However, Mozart's Rondo for Piano, K. 511, and the Agnus Dei from his Mass, K. 317 are quite different in genre but happen to be similar in form."[4] Some, like Peter van der Merwe, treat the terms genre and style as the same, saying that genre should be defined as pieces of music that share a certain style or "basic musical language."[5] Others, such as Allan F. Moore, state that genre and style are two separate terms, and that secondary characteristics such as subject matter can also differentiate between genres.[6] A music genre or subgenre may also be defined by the musical techniques, the style, the cultural context, and the content and spirit of the themes. Geographical origin is sometimes used to identify a music genre, though a single geographical category will often include a wide variety of subgenres. Timothy Laurie argues that since the early 1980s, "genre has graduated from being a subset of popular music studies to being an almost ubiquitous framework for constituting and evaluating musical research objects".[7]</div>
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Among the criteria often used to classify musical genres are the trichotomy of art, popular, and traditional musics.</div>
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Alternatively, music can be divided on three variables: arousal, valence, and depth.[3] Arousal reflects the energy level of the music; valence reflects the scale from sad to happy emotions, and depth reflects the level of emotional depth in the music.[3] These three variables help explain why many people who like similar songs from different traditionally segregated genres</div>
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The art/popular/traditional distinction</div>
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Musicologists have sometimes classified music according to a trichotomic distinction such as Philip Tagg's "axiomatic triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics".[8] He explains that each of these three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria.</div>
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Art music</h4>
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Main article: Art music</div>
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See also: List of art music traditions</div>
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The term art music refers primarily to classical traditions, including both contemporary and historical classical music forms. Art music exists in many parts of the world. It emphasizes formal styles that invite technical and detailed deconstruction[9] and criticism, and demand focused attention from the listener. In Western practice, art music is considered primarily a written musical tradition,[10] preserved in some form of music notation rather than being transmitted orally, by rote, or in recordings, as popular and traditional music usually are.[10][11] Historically, most western art music has been written down using the standard forms of music notation that evolved in Europe, beginning well before the Renaissance and reaching its maturity in the Romantic period. The identity of a "work" or "piece" of art music is usually defined by the notated version rather than by a particular performance, and is primarily associated with the composer rather than the performer (though composers may leave performers with some opportunity for interpretation or improvisation). This is so particularly in the case of western classical music. Art music may include certain forms of jazz, though some feel that jazz is primarily a form of popular music.</div>
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Sacred Christian music forms an important part of the classical music tradition and repertoire, but can also be considered to have an identity of its own</div>
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Popular music[edit]</div>
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Main article: Popular music</div>
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The term popular music refers to any musical style accessible to the general public and disseminated by the mass media. Musicologist and popular music specialist Philip Tagg defined the notion in the light of sociocultural and economical aspects:</div>
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Popular music, unlike art music, is (1) conceived for mass distribution to large and often socioculturally heterogeneous groups of listeners, (2) stored and distributed in non-written form, (3) only possible in an industrial monetary economy where it becomes a commodity and (4) in capitalist societies, subject to the laws of 'free' enterprise ... it should ideally sell as much as possible.[8]</div>
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Popular music is found on most commercial radio stations, in most commercial music retailers and department stores, and in movie and television soundtracks. It is noted on the Billboard charts and, in addition to singer-songwriters and composers, it involves music producers more than other genres do.</div>
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The distinction between classical and popular music has sometimes been blurred in marginal areas[12] such as minimalist music and light classics. Background music for films/movies often draws on both traditions. In this respect, music is like fiction, which likewise draws a distinction between literary fiction and popular fiction that is not always precise</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genre">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
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Music Genre

Music genre A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of ...

Music Festivals

kshitiz shakya 0 saxophone 10:36 PM

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Music festival</div>
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A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality, or locality of musicians, or holiday. They are commonly held outdoors, and are often inclusive of other attractions such as food and merchandise vending, performance art, and social activities. Many festivals are annual, or repeat at some other interval. Some, including many rock festivals, are held only once. Some festivals are organized as for-profit concerts and others are benefits for a specific cause. Another type of music festival is the educative type, organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement.</div>
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Ancient festivals</div>
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The Pythian Games at Delphi included musical performances, and may be one of the earliest festivals known.[1] During the Middle Ages, festivals were often held as competitions.</div>
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Educative festivals</div>
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Another type of music festival is the educative type, often organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement. Entrants perform prepared pieces in front of an audience which includes competitors. But the essential feature of this type of festival is that each participant receives verbal and written feedback, there and then, from a highly qualified, professional adjudicator—someone whom they might never meet in any other way. They also usually receive a certificate, classified according to merit, and some may win trophies. The competitive element is often played down, however, as the important aspect is that participants can learn from one another. Such festivals aim to provide a friendly and supportive platform for musicians to share in the excitement of making music. For many, they provide a bridge from lessons and examinations to performing confidently in public.</div>
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Festivals around the world</div>
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Milwaukee, Wisconsin's 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as "The World's Largest Music Festival", a title certified by the Guinness World Records and has been held since 1999. Operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts.[2][3] The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, and the Polish spin-off Przystanek Woodstock drew 700,000 in 2011. The largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year.[4] Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, but has "fallow years" roughly every five years, so it is the biggest non-annual greenfield festival in the world. The oldest annual dedicated pop music festival in the world is Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands,[5] though in other genres, there are much older ones: the Three Choirs Festival in the UK has run annually[citation needed] since 1719</div>
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Milwaukee, Wisconsin's 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as "The World's Largest Music Festival", a title certified by the Guinness World Records and has been held since 1999. Operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts.[2][3] The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, and the Polish spin-off Przystanek Woodstock drew 700,000 in 2011. The largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year.[4] Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, but has "fallow years" roughly every five years, so it is the biggest non-annual greenfield festival in the world. The oldest annual dedicated pop music festival in the world is Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands,[5] though in other genres, there are much older ones: the Three Choirs Festival in the UK has run annually[citation needed] since 1719.</div>
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Festivals around the world[edit]</div>
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Milwaukee, Wisconsin's 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as "The World's Largest Music Festival", a title certified by the Guinness World Records and has been held since 1999. Operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts.[2][3] The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, and the Polish spin-off Przystanek Woodstock drew 700,000 in 2011. The largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year.[4] Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, but has "fallow years" roughly every five years, so it is the biggest non-annual greenfield festival in the world. The oldest annual dedicated pop music festival in the world is Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands,[5] though in other genres, there are much older ones: the Three Choirs Festival in the UK has run annually[citation needed] since 1719.</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festival">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
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Music Festivals

Music festival A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, ...

Music Industry

kshitiz shakya 0 dhimay 10:30 PM

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Music industry</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggOGB8ZQxUg9dZcSk6X3IZZm8OdNxkNH3KKPpwHCSgSTzsng83NPM9PdSdjrtpyl-CSW-qfDbGCB2FYYay9fXLucpjHHgdC8H8l3CyToYr2qt7wjS_xCAnHu5d7UUUX7XIbGLitdiZDlnO/s1600/download+%252821%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="284" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggOGB8ZQxUg9dZcSk6X3IZZm8OdNxkNH3KKPpwHCSgSTzsng83NPM9PdSdjrtpyl-CSW-qfDbGCB2FYYay9fXLucpjHHgdC8H8l3CyToYr2qt7wjS_xCAnHu5d7UUUX7XIbGLitdiZDlnO/s400/download+%252821%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The music industry consists of the companies and individuals that earn money by creating new songs and pieces and selling live concerts and shows, audio and video recordings, compositions and sheet music, and the organizations and associations that aid and represent creators. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate in the industry are: the songwriters and composers who create new songs and musical pieces; the singers, musicians, conductors and bandleaders who perform the music; the companies and professionals who create and sell recorded music and/or sheet music (e.g., music publishers, music producers, recording studios, engineers, record labels, retail and online music stores, performance rights organizations); and those that help organize and present live music performances (sound engineers, booking agents, promoters, music venues, road crew).</div>
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The industry also includes a range of professionals who assist singers and musicians with their music careers (talent managers, artists and repertoire managers, business managers, entertainment lawyers); those who broadcast audio or video music content (satellite, Internet radio stations, broadcast radio and TV stations); music journalists and music critics; DJs; music educators and teachers; musical instrument manufacturers; as well as many others. In addition to the businesses and artists who work in the music industry to make a profit or income, there are a range of organizations that also play an important role in the music industry, including musician's unions (e.g., American Federation of Musicians), not-for-profit performance-rights organizations (e.g., American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) and other associations.</div>
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The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when records replaced sheet music as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, "the recording industry"–a reference to recording performances of songs and pieces and selling the recordings–began to be used as a loose synonym for "the music industry". In the 2000s, a majority of the music market is controlled by three major corporate labels: the French-owned Universal Music Group, the Japanese-owned Sony Music Entertainment,[1] and the US-owned Warner Music Group. Labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as independent labels (or "indies"). The largest portion of the live music market for concerts and tours is controlled by Live Nation, the largest promoter and music venue owner. Live Nation is a former subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States.</div>
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In the first decades of the 2000s, the music industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet (which includes both illegal file sharing of songs and legal music purchases in online music stores). A conspicuous indicator of these changes is total music sales: since 2000, sales of recorded music have dropped off substantially[2][3] while live music has increased in importance.[4] In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, Internet-based platform operated by a computer company: Apple Inc.'s online iTunes Store.</div>
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History</h3>
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Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century. The development of music publication followed the evolution of printing technologies that were first developed for printing regular books. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing sheet music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of liturgical chants, dates from about 1465, shortly after the Gutenberg Bible was printed. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand. To copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of secular (non-religious) music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music.</div>
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The use of printing enabled sheet music to reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to other cities and countries more quickly, and it also enabled music to be spread to more distant areas. Prior to the invention of music printing, a composer's music might only be known in the city she lived in and its surrounding towns, because only wealthy aristocrats would be able to afford to have hand copies made of her music. With music printing, though, a composer's music could be printed and sold at a relatively low cost to purchasers from a wide geographic area. As sheet music of major composer's pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and an Italian composer could buy pieces written by Dutch composers and learn how they wrote music. This led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions.</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
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Music Industry

Music industry The music industry consists of the companies and individuals that earn money by creating new songs and pieces and sell...

Music history 102

kshitiz shakya 0 flute 10:22 PM

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Music History 102</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaVNodCEVpFd8GYjLJMCjut_Npj_TQWVyBS8jCbsUN7f6g7hTqKfcGERn0wdjJH1En3y78Je656aPJAbMta87wv3QvYrj3NJ585xqPsbtO1fxAOs2irRR8bojbkN6-ju-pwrXmJVizdJf6/s1600/download+%252820%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="317" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaVNodCEVpFd8GYjLJMCjut_Npj_TQWVyBS8jCbsUN7f6g7hTqKfcGERn0wdjJH1En3y78Je656aPJAbMta87wv3QvYrj3NJ585xqPsbtO1fxAOs2irRR8bojbkN6-ju-pwrXmJVizdJf6/s400/download+%252820%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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 Deposition of Christi (The Mourning of Christ) by Giotto di Bondone</div>
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The Middle Ages</div>
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After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Western Europe entered a time known as "The Dark Ages" — a period when invading hordes of Vandals, Huns, and Visigoths overran Europe. These years were marked by constant warfare, the absence of a Holy Roman Emperor, and the virtual disappearance of urban life. Over the next next nine centuries, the newly emerging Christian Church came to dominate Europe, administering justice, instigating "Holy" Crusades against the East, establishing Universities, and generally dictating the destiny of music, art, and literature. It was during this time that Pope Gregory I is generally believed to have collected and codified the music known as Gregorian Chant, which was the approved music of the Church. Much later, the University at Notre Dame in Paris saw the creation of a new kind of music called organum. Secular music was performed throughout Europe by the troubadours and trouvères of France. And it was during these "Middle Ages" that Western culture saw the appearance of the first great name in music, Guillaume de Machaut.</div>
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 The Last Supper by Tintoretto</div>
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The Renaissance</div>
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Generally considered to be from ca.1420 to 1600, the Renaissance (which literally means "rebirth") was a time of great cultural awakening and a flowering of the arts, letters, and sciences throughout Europe. With the rise of humanism, sacred music began for the first time to break free of the confines of the Church, and a school of composers trained in the Netherlands mastered the art of polyphony in their settings of sacred music. One of the early masters of the Flemish style was Josquin des Prez. These polyphonic traditions reached their culmination in the unsurpassed works of Giovanni da Palestrina.</div>
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Of course, secular music thrived during this period, and instrumental and dance music was performed in abundance, if not always written down. It was left for others to collect and notate the wide variety of irrepressible instrumental music of the period. The late Renaissance also saw in England the flourishing of the English madrigal, the best known of which were composed by such masters as John Dowland, William Byrd, Thomas Morley and others.</div>
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 Henry IV Receives the Portrait by Peter Paul Rubens</div>
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The Baroque Age</div>
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Named after the popular ornate architectural style of the time, the Baroque period (ca.1600 to 1750) saw composers beginning to rebel against the styles that were prevalent during the High Renaissance. This was a time when the many monarchies of Europe vied in outdoing each other in pride, pomp and pageantry. Many monarchs employed composers at their courts, where they were little more than servants expected to churn out music for any desired occasions. The greatest composer of the period, Johann Sebastian Bach, was such a servant. Yet the best composers of the time were able to break new musical ground, and in so doing succeeded in creating an entirely new style of music.</div>
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It was during the early part of the seventeenth century that the genre of opera was first created by a group of composers in Florence, Italy, and the earliest operatic masterpieces were composed by Claudio Monteverdi. The instrumental concerto became a staple of the Baroque era, and found its strongest exponent in the works of the Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi. Harpsichord music achieved new heights, due to the works of such masters as Domenico Scarlatti and others. Dances became formalized into instrumental suites and were composed by virtually all composers of the era. But vocal and choral music still reigned supreme during this age, and culminated in the operas and oratorios of German-born composer George Frideric Handel.</div>
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 The Swing by Jean-Honore Fragonard</div>
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The Classical Period</div>
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From roughly 1750 to 1820, artists, architechts, and musicians moved away from the heavily ornamented styles of the Baroque and the Rococo, and instead embraced a clean, uncluttered style they thought reminiscent of Classical Greece. The newly established aristocracies were replacing monarchs and the church as patrons of the arts, and were demanding an impersonal, but tuneful and elegant music. Dances such as the minuet and the gavotte were provided in the forms of entertaining serenades and divertimenti.</div>
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At this time the Austrian capital of Vienna became the musical center of Europe, and works of the period are often referred to as being in the Viennese style. Composers came from all over Europe to train in and around Vienna, and gradually they developed and formalized the standard musical forms that were to predominate European musical culture for the next several decades. A reform of the extravagance of Baroque opera was undertaken by Christoph von Gluck. Johann Stamitz contributed greatly to the growth of the orchestra and developed the idea of the orchestral symphony. The Classical period reached its majestic culmination with the masterful symphonies, sonatas, and string quartets by the three great composers of the Viennese school: Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. During the same period, the first voice of the burgeoning Romantic musical ethic can be found in the music of Viennese composer Franz Schubert.</div>
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Source:<a href="http://www.ipl.org/div/mushist/">www.ipl.org</a></div>
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Music history 102

Music History 102 Deposition of Christi (The Mourning of Christ) by Giotto di Bondone The Middle Ages After the collapse o...

Saxophone

kshitiz shakya 0 madal 10:15 PM

<h2>
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Saxophone</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-Z8kgEGioCWTR-pXKdbEujdJ-8xZliI0acEV6z1ONuQdshxZqq9Rfh0AXutiFuNHFOHL5buei7yqpa79XaABEBZwGsjO8-zheWlQINuWv-7StGs3Tea_QgZ3cDXDZDnNwwzDLoODWkxj/s1600/download+%252819%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="153" data-original-width="329" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-Z8kgEGioCWTR-pXKdbEujdJ-8xZliI0acEV6z1ONuQdshxZqq9Rfh0AXutiFuNHFOHL5buei7yqpa79XaABEBZwGsjO8-zheWlQINuWv-7StGs3Tea_QgZ3cDXDZDnNwwzDLoODWkxj/s400/download+%252819%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</h2>
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The saxophone[2] (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet.[2] Like the clarinet, saxophones have holes in the instrument which the player closes using a system of key mechanisms. When the player presses a key, this typically causes a pad to close over a hole.</div>
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The saxophone family was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840.[2][3] Adolphe Sax wanted to create a group or series of instruments that would be the most powerful and vocal of the woodwinds, and the most adaptive of the brass instruments, that would fill the vacant middle ground between the two sections. Mr. Sax patented the saxophone on June 28, 1846, in two groups of seven instruments each. Each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B♭ and E♭, designed for military bands, have proved popular and most saxophones encountered today are from this series. Instruments from the so-called "orchestral" series, pitched in C and F, never gained a foothold, and the B♭ and E♭ instruments have now replaced the C and F instruments when the saxophone is used in an orchestra.</div>
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The saxophone is used in classical music (such as concert bands, some post-Romantic music era orchestral works; chamber music, and solo repertoires), military bands, marching bands, and jazz (such as big bands and jazz combos). The sax is also used as a soloing and melody instrument or as a member of a horn section in some styles of rock and roll and popular music. Saxophone players are called saxophonists.</div>
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History</h3>
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The saxophone was developed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument maker, flautist, and clarinetist. Born in Dinant and originally based in Brussels, he moved to Paris in 1842 to establish his musical instrument business. Prior to his work on the saxophone, he had made several improvements to the bass clarinet by improving its keywork and acoustics and extending its lower range. Sax was also a maker of the then-popular ophicleide, a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument. His experience with these two instruments allowed him to develop the skills and technologies needed to make the first saxophones. As an outgrowth of his work improving the bass clarinet, Sax began developing an instrument with the projection of a brass instrument and the agility of a woodwind. He wanted it to overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown. An instrument that overblows at the octave has identical fingering for both registers.</div>
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Sax created an instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece like a clarinet, conical brass body like an ophicleide, and some acoustic properties of both the horn and the clarinet.[clarification needed]</div>
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Having constructed saxophones in several sizes in the early 1840s, Sax applied for, and received, a 15-year patent for the instrument on June 28, 1846.[4] The patent encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split into two categories of seven instruments each, and ranging from sopranino to contrabass. Although the instruments transposed at either F or C have been considered "orchestral", there is no evidence that Sax intended this. As only three percent of Sax's surviving production were pitched in F and C, and as contemporary composers used the E♭ alto and B♭ bass saxophone freely in orchestral music, it is almost certain that Sax experimented to find the most suitable keys for these instruments, settling upon instruments alternating between E♭ and B♭ rather than those pitched in F or C, for reasons of tone and economy (the saxophones were the most expensive wind instruments of their day). The C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. All the instruments were given an initial written range from the B below the treble staff to the F, one space above the three ledger lines above staff, giving each saxophone a range of two and a half octaves.</div>
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Sax's patent expired in 1866;[5] thereafter, numerous saxophonists and instrument manufacturers implemented their own improvements to the design and keywork. The first substantial modification was by a French manufacturer who extended the bell slightly and added an extra key to extend the range downwards by one semitone to B♭. It is suspected that Sax himself may have attempted this modification. This extension is now commonplace in almost all modern designs, along with other minor changes such as added keys for alternate fingerings. Using alternate fingerings allows a player to play faster and more easily. A player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch. Some of the alternate fingerings are good for trilling, scales, and big interval jumps.[6]</div>
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Sax's original keywork, which was based on the Triebert system 3 oboe for the left hand and the Boehm clarinet for the right, was simplistic and made playing some legato passages and wide intervals extremely difficult to finger, so numerous developers added extra keys and alternate fingerings to make chromatic playing less difficult. While early saxophones had two separate octave vents to assist in the playing of the upper registers just as modern instruments do, players of Sax's original design had to operate these via two separate octave keys operated by the left thumb. A substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key, which is now universal on modern saxophones.</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>

Saxophone

Saxophone The saxophone[2] (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass an...

Evolution of music

kshitiz shakya 0 guitar 8:47 PM

<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>The Evolution Of Music From Ancient Times To Today<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Howard Goodall cites a 1995 find in a Slovenian cave of a flute made of bear bone and says, "Our own day to day survival may no longer depend on our ability to sing, but our ancient ancestors were on to something that applies to modern lives, too. Study after study around the world has shown that singing enables infants to train their brains and memories, to recognize pitch differentiation as a preparation for the full development of spatial awareness. In the Paleolithic Age this was an absolutely crucial skill, if survival depended on knowing from which direction a wild animal's cry was coming, what size it was and what mood it might be in.<br />
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What child doesn't try to whistle through his teeth or through his thumbs, or make drumming sounds with his fists or other instruments and oh how music tears through our hearts and souls, lifts our spirits and can change our mood.<br />
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Goodall talks of composers writing uplifting music when a third of the population of Europe was being wiped out by the black death in the 14th century.<br />
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A day doesn't go by when I'm not moved or soothed by music or make or hear a reference to some sort of musical theme from hearing "Happy Birthday" to hopping in an elevator and hearing typical elevator music.<br />
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I had a meeting last week with Art Silverblatt, a professor at Webster University. We were talking about media literacy and he talked of different interpretations of what we see and hear. He asked if the terrifying, scary score of the movie, “Jaws" was changed to the soothing sounds of a waltz, how would we view the shark? Maybe the shark would look balletic in the blue waters of the ocean.<br />
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In a walk through the St. Louis Art Museum's African and Pre-Columbian sections one would see musical instruments and references to music throughout the galleries and there are many traditional paintings with pictures of musical instruments as well.<br />
<br />
The Sheldon has several galleries which feature jazz and blues themes and often features exhibitions of the famous Hartenberger World Musical Instruments Collections. There are pieces from cultures virtually all over the world.<br />
<br />
And listening to our wonderful St. Louis Chamber Chorus in one of the churches or temples in which they perform reminds me of how music has always played a major role in religion and its liturgy. The Hebrew chants of the cantor or the masses or other ceremonial rites of  various churches are always mood altering and oh the wonderful sounds of The Bach Society's annual Christmas Candlelight Concert always brings tears to my eyes.<br />
<br />
Goodall makes reference to the first printed Christmas carols. He says the first ones were published in 1521 by William Caxton's appropriately named apprentice and successor, Wynkyn de Worde.<br />
<br />
Goodall says, "No civilization, except perhaps for our own, has valued, venerated and taken pleasure in music more than the ancient Greeks, whose culture dominated south-eastern Europe and the Near East nearly seven hundred years in the first millennium B.C., before it was absorbed into the Roman Empire. Even the word 'music' comes from the Greek mousike, referring to the fruits of the nine muses in literature, science and the arts. This reminds me of our own Diane Touliatos, Professor of music at the University of Missouri - St. Louis who discovered musical manuscripts of the oldest musical piece written by a woman.<br />
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The St. Louis Symphony, Opera Theatre of Saint Louis and Jazz at the Bistro are all wonderful venues to listen to and savor world class music in comfortable ,enjoyable settings and soon The MUNY and Stages will be filling the air with their wonderful productions and of course The Sheldon is one of the most acoustically perfect settings in the world  to hear every type of music from folk, to classical to jazz and blues.<br />
<br />
And of course, as Rich O'Donnell, retired principal percussionist of the St. Louis Symphony, professor of music and one of the founders of The New Music Circle and HEARding Cats Collective loves to respond to those who claim not to like new music and say that they know what they like. He says you like what you know .Open your minds and ears.<br />
<br />
Well—“Somewhere there's music, how high the moon.”<br />
<br />
As usual, I have to say--you don't need the jillion dollar tickets of a New York production to hear the best music--you can stay right here in our fantastic St. Louis.<br />
<br />
Nancy Kranzberg has been involved in the arts community for some thirty years on numerous arts related boards.<br />
<br />
Sourde:<a href="http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/evolution-music-ancient-times-today#stream/0">news.stlpublicradio.org</a>

Evolution of music

The Evolution Of Music From Ancient Times To Today Howard Goodall cites a 1995 find in a Slovenian cave of a flute made of bear bone and...

Dhimay

kshitiz shakya 0 dhimay 8:41 PM

<h2>
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<i style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Dhimay</u></i></div>
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Dhimay, Dhimaya (Newar: धिमय्) or Dhime (धिमे) is a drum, and according to the Sachs-Hornbostel classification belongs to the category of double-headed cylindrical membranophone.</div>
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Description</div>
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The drum is rather big compared to other drums played by the Newar. The size of this instrument varies from diameter of 40 inches to 51 inches and length of 17 inches to 21 inches.[1] The shell of the drum is made of wood or metal. Sometimes wooden drums are partly covered with metal foil. The shape of old Dhimay drums is mostly irregular, formed by the natural shape of the piece of wood being used to make the drum body (see image at the mimo-db). Modern drums are either cylindrical or slightly barrel-shaped. Both heads are made of goat skin. On the inside of the left membrane, called Mankhah (Haima in Bhaktapur)[2] a red tuning paste (similar in function to the Syahi) is applicated, providing a deep sound.</div>
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There are two kinds of dhimay. The smaller ones are called "Dhaacha Dhimay" and bigger dhimay are called "Ma Dhimay</div>
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Playing technique</h3>
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The left side (Mankhah) is played directly by hand playing either at the upper part of the membrane (ghe), producing a long resonating sound, or a downward stroke (kha), producing a sharp crisp sound. The right membrane, called Nasah, is played with a thin stick, made of cane, which is normally curved at one end. In addition to this three basic strokes a fourth type of stroke(dha) is played, combining the low resonating sound of the left hand i.e. on upper part and the stroke of the right hand.</div>
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History[edit]</div>
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According to local legends, the instrument is believed to be invented by Mahadev. The drum has been played since the Kirat era. The drum is played mostly by Jyapu community. However, Shresthas, Ranjitkars and other castes also play it.</div>
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Performance</h3>
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In traditional context Dhimay is played together with other instruments, mostly idiophones of different types, depending on the local tradition. In Dhimay-ensembles, called Dhimaybaja, the drum is accompanied by cymbals like Bhushyah, Chushyah, and sometimes by Tai-nai, a gong-like instrument. At special occasions even the shawm musicians of the Kapali (hon.) or Jugi (coll.), a caste of tailors and professional musicians, may be called. The Dhimay is also played in the Buddhist Navabaja (or Naubaja)-Ensembles. Recently, with musicians looking for new ways to develop popular music with its roots in traditional music, the Dhimay is played as a sort of bass drum, accompanying western instruments like guitar.</div>
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Occasions</h3>
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The Dhimay is played at major religious festivals and rituals (Jatra, Puja):</div>
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Janabahaadya chariot festival</div>
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Bungadya chariot festival</div>
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Yenya punhi</div>
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New year of Nepal Sambat</div>
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Bisket Jatra</div>
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Pujas for deities like Krishna, Ganesha</div>
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It is played at family festivities and life-cycle rituals:</div>
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Janko</div>
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Kaeta puja</div>
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Dhimay is also played at inaugurations, rallies, receptions, cultural shows and competitions.</div>
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References</h3>
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Jump up ^ Jwajalapa</div>
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Jump up ^ Wegner, Gert-Matthias (1986): "The Dhimaybaja of Bhaktapur. Studies in Newar Drumming I". Franz Steiner: Wiesbaden.</div>
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Jump up ^ Prajapati, Subhash Ram (2006). Sanskriti Bhitra. newatech. ISBN 979-9994699949</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimay">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>

Dhimay

Dhimay Dhimay, Dhimaya (Newar: धिमय्) or Dhime (धिमे) is a drum, and according to the Sachs-Hornbostel classification belongs to th...

Newari Music

kshitiz shakya 0 dhimay 8:37 PM

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Newa music</div>
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</h2>
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Newa Music, also spelled Newar Music, is traditional music developed in Nepal by the Newars. The music has its roots in classic Hindu and Buddhist music. It grew with incorporation of folk music of Kathmandu valley and its peripheries. The musical instruments mainly consist of percussion and wind instruments.</div>
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Traditional music</h3>
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raditional music refers to the music from the 16th century during the rule of King Mahendra Malla to the first decade of the 20th century. Traditional songs consist of hymns that describe various deities, songs about love and marriage, ballads, rice transplantation songs and historical songs in the form of narratives.[1] The traditional musicians worship the Newar god of music and dance Nasah Dyah.[2]</div>
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Traditional Newar music has been arranged into a particular schedule.[3] One of the dominant forms of traditional Newar music is Dapha music. Dapha music is classical Newar music that probably originated during late Lichhavi period and flourished in the Malla period. Basically, the songs of Dapha music are devotional songs based on classical ragas. Dapha music is played by bands known as Dapha Khalah that may be associated with traditional groups called Guthi. According to the ragas, certain songs are played at certain seasons or times of the day. The songs generally narrate or depict the mood of the particular season. Besides the seasonal and scheduled ragas, various ragas are played during specific events, such as Deepak raga (played when a monarch passes away).</div>
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Modern music</h3>
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Apart from traditional music, there is also secular and popular music. A very popular and famous Newa love song is Rajamati. Maestro Seturam Shrestha made the first recording of the song on gramophone disc in Kolkata in 1908. At the end of 2005 The Lakhey (First Newa Metal Band) Recorded their First Newari Metal Dhampa tacha.</div>
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In contemporary culture, there are numerous pop musicians, lyricists and singers, including Prem Dhoj Pradhan, Madan Krishna Shrestha, and Durga Lal Shrestha. Music videos are another popular genre.</div>
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History</div>
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According to mythology, Manjushree taught music to his disciples Shantikaracharya and Gunakaracharya. Shantikaracharya taught it to Vandhudatta Vajracharya and Shree Gunadattacharya, who wrote down the teachings to form the basis of classical music of Newars. Also, according to traditional stories, the instrument Paschima was handed down by Lord Krishna and Dhime invented by Lord Mahadeva.</div>
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These stories infer that Newa music is primarily derived from the classic Hindu and Buddhist music. Music accompanied most of the traditional epics and plays written in Sanskrit and Nepal Bhasa. This music is based on raga and taal system. The earliest discovered treatise on Newa music is a manuscript called Sangit Chandra Grantha. It was written by King Jagatjyoti Malla of Bhaktapur and his minister Vanshamani Ojha.[4] The manuscript primarily deals with dance, drama and stageplay. The text was written in Sanskrit with translations and explanation in Nepal Bhasa.[4] This was followed by another manuscript called Gayanlochan, written by King Jitamitra Malla.[4] Various manuscripts on musical instruments have been found as well. The most famous ones of these are Taal anukaranam, Mridanga Anukaranam, Panchataal baaja</div>
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Instruments</h3>
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The instruments can be categorized as:[5]</div>
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Membranophones:[6] Dhimay, Paschima, Khin, Kwonchakhin, Damakhin, Dhaa, Nayekhin, Dholak, Nagara, Kantan dab dab</div>
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Chordophones:[7] Piwancha, Sarangi</div>
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Aerophones:[8] Bansuri, Baye, Mwaali, Ponga, Kaahan</div>
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Idiophones:[9] Taa, Babhu, Chhusyaa, Kaynpin, Bhusyaa</div>
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References</h3>
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 Lienhard, Siegfried (1984). Songs of Nepal. Hawaii: Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, University of Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–13. ISBN 0-8248-0680-8. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</div>
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Jump up ^ Prajapati, Subhash Ram (2006). Nasah Dyah: Parampara Ra Darshan. newatech.</div>
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Jump up ^ Book: Kantipur (कान्तिपुर), Author: Basu Pasa (बासुपासा)</div>
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Book: Nepalbhasa sahitya ya itihaas, Author: Prof. Premshanti Tuladhar, Publication: Nepalbhasa Academy,ISBN 978-99933-56-00-4</div>
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Jump up ^ "Music". Jwajalapa!. newatech, inc. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2009.</div>
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Jump up ^ "Membranophones". Jwajalapa!. newatech, inc. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</div>
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Jump up ^ "Chordophones". Jwajalapa!. newatech, inc. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</div>
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Jump up ^ "Aerophones". Jwajalapa!. newatech, inc. 1 May 2008. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</div>
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Jump up ^ "Idiophones". Jwajalapa!. newatech, inc. 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newa_music">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>

Newari Music

Newa music Newa Music, also spelled Newar Music, is traditional music developed in Nepal by the Newars. The music has its roots in cl...

Folk Music

kshitiz shakya 0 madal 8:31 PM

<h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Folk music</div>
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</h2>
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is often applied to music older than that. Some types of folk music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers, or music performed by custom over a long period of time. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles.</div>
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Starting in the mid-20th century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the (second) folk revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is sometimes called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms.[1] Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times, but the term folk music has typically not been applied to the new music created during those revivals. This type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. While contemporary folk music is a genre generally distinct from traditional folk music, in English it shares the same name, and it often shares the same performers and venues as traditional folk music. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two.</div>
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Traditional folk music</h3>
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Definitions</h4>
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A consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive.[2] The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions. They are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe "the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes."[3] The term further derives from the German expression Volk, in the sense of "the people as a whole" as applied to popular and national music by Johann Gottfried Herder and the German Romantics over half a century earlier.[4] Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music.[2]</div>
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However, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music (or folklore, or the folk) is.[5][2] Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used.[2] Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics[3] but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of "old songs, with no known composers,"[6] another is that of music that has been submitted to an evolutionary "process of oral transmission.... the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character."[7]</div>
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Such definitions depend upon "(cultural) processes rather than abstract musical types...", upon "continuity and oral transmission...seen as characterizing one side of a cultural dichotomy, the other side of which is found not only in the lower layers of feudal, capitalist and some oriental societies but also in 'primitive' societies and in parts of 'popular cultures'."[8] One widely used definition is simply "Folk music is what the people sing".[9]</div>
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For Scholes,[3] as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók,[10] there was a sense of the music of the country as distinct from that of the town. Folk music was already, "...seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear (or in some cases, to be preserved or somehow revived),"[11] particularly in "a community uninfluenced by art music"[7] and by commercial and printed song. Lloyd rejected this in favour of a simple distinction of economic class[10] yet for him true folk music was, in Charles Seeger's words, "associated with a lower class"[12] in culturally and socially stratified societies. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a "schema comprising four musical types: 'primitive' or 'tribal'; 'elite' or 'art'; 'folk'; and 'popular'."[13]</div>
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Music in this genre is also often called traditional music. Although the term is usually only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre. For example, the Grammy Award previously used the terms "traditional music" and "traditional folk" for folk music that is not contemporary folk music</div>
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Characteristics</h4>
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From a historical perspective, traditional folk music had these characteristics:[12][verification needed]</div>
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It was transmitted through an oral tradition. Before the 20th century, ordinary farm workers and factory workers were usually illiterate. They acquired songs by memorizing them. Primarily, this was not mediated by books, recorded or transmitted media. Singers may extend their repertoire using broadsheets, song books, or CDs, but these secondary enhancements are of the same character as the primary songs experienced in the flesh.</div>
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The music was often related to national culture. It was culturally particular; from a particular region or culture. In the context of an immigrant group, folk music acquires an extra dimension for social cohesion. It is particularly conspicuous in immigrant societies, where Greek Australians, Somali Americans, Punjabi Canadians, and others strive to emphasize their differences from the mainstream. They learn songs and dances that originate in the countries their grandparents came from.</div>
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They commemorate historical and personal events. On certain days of the year, such as Easter, May Day, and Christmas, particular songs celebrate the yearly cycle. Weddings, birthdays, and funerals may also be noted with songs, dances and special costumes. Religious festivals often have a folk music component. Choral music at these events brings children and non-professional singers to participate in a public arena, giving an emotional bonding that is unrelated to the aesthetic qualities of the music.</div>
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The songs have been performed, by custom, over a long period of time, usually several generations.</div>
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As a side-effect, the following characteristics are sometimes present:</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
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Folk Music

Folk music Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The te...

Music of Nepal

kshitiz shakya 0 dhimay 8:27 PM

<h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Music of Nepal</div>
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</h2>
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Music of Nepal refers to the various musical genres heard in Nepal. With more than fifty ethnic groups, the music of the country is highly diverse. Genres like pop, rock, Nep-hop ko bato, folk, classical music, and ratna music are widely found, but many less common genres are yet to be cataloged. Rap also sometimes appears on the Nepalese music charts. Many of the country's musical bands are based in Kathmandu, especially the recent ones focused on pop and rock.</div>
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Genres</div>
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Dohori</h4>
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Dohori music is Nepali folk songs. Dohori means from two side or a debate. This debate is in rhythm, and involves quick and witty poetry. The two teams in Dohori usually involve boys in one group and girls in the other. The song is started with a question, usually from the boys' side. The girl follows the question with a quick response and continues the musical conversation.</div>
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Dohori songs can last for as long as a week. The length of the Dohori depends on the quick thinking ability of the players.[citation needed]</div>
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Aadhunik geet[edit]</div>
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Aadhunik geet or modern songs are popular songs in Nepal. It is also known as sugam sangeet. These type of songs are soft and melodious. One of the most famous singers in this category was late Narayan Gopal who was also known as a "King of Modern Songs" who gave hits like "Euta Manchhe Ko", and "Yeti Dherai Maya Dii". The singer was equally praised in India for his commendable voice and soothing tones.[citation needed]</div>
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Classical</h4>
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Nepali classical music has a history since the time of King Mana Deva (567BS / 510 AD). The classical music was able to develop, improve and grow during the Kirat Period, Lichchavi Period, Malla Period and Shah Period as well as the Rana Period. After Rana rulers King Mahendra and Birendra played a role to popularise classical music through Radio and Durbar Concerts. Today many classical musicians live with music here as their profession. Many bands namely Sursudha, Sukarma, Trikaal, Sampada,[2] Kutumba are famous bands in Nepal. Classical music organizations such as Kalanidhi, Narayan Music Academy, Kirateswor, Kapan Sangit Sarowar, Yalamaya, Ram Mandir and Atul Memorial Gurukul have been organising regular public shows for the conservation of eastern classical music. Atul Memorial Gurukul[3] is the first classical music Gurukul in Nepal.</div>
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Ethnic music</div>
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Newar music</div>
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Main article: Newa music</div>
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Newa or Newar music is traditional music developed in Nepal by the Newars. The musical instruments mainly consist of percussion and wind instruments.</div>
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Gurung music</h4>
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Gurungs have an ancient tradition of Rodhi where young people meet, sing and dance to folk songs, and share their views. Young men and women at Rodhi often sing call-and-response songs called dohori, which are largely improvised. Some musical dances like Ghantu and Chudka are still in existence, and are still performed in many Gurung villages. These dances are hundreds of years old, and are performed either solo or in a group. Music also plays a big role in the Gurung ritual of Argum, which is performed when someone in the community dies.</div>
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Gurung films are also popularizing some of these songs and dances. Jyoti Gurung is regarded as one of the best Gurung singers from this community. She has contributed many successful Gurung songs and Gurung film songs.[citation needed]</div>
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Kirat music</h4>
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Sunuwar</div>
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Rai</div>
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Limbu</div>
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The Yakthungs (Limbu) have various forms of dance, songs and musical instruments. Of them, Dhaan Nach (paddy dance) and Chya:brung (Dhol Nach "drum dance") are popular symbolics. Khambu celebrate Sakela, a dance performed during the occasion of "Udauli" and "Ubhuali" which is the greatest festival of Khumbu (Rai, kirat). Sakela which are sometime wrongly referred as Chandi Naach. Chandi is a Hindu goddess and is not related in any way with Kirat culture. Many forms of their dance involve rituals or religious offerings towards Mundhum (native Kiranti religion). Traditional dance and songs are also practiced for weddings, festivals or gatherings.[citation needed]</div>
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Tamang music</h4>
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The Tamang community is well known for Damphu, a traditional instrument. Tamang Selo music is based on the usage of Damphu and Tungna. It is said that British people got an idea of making Drum Sets from Damphu during their stay at India. Western and Indian instruments are also found in some modern Tamang Selo music. Recently due to the re-mixing trend of classic Nepali songs, Tamang Selo tuned songs like changba hoi changba, Man chadey Maichyang lai have been a hit in Nepali radio stations. Also, Modern artists like Sindhu Malla, Raju Lama[4] Avinash Ghising, Roj Moktan, and Bijay Lama have used Tamang Selo tunes in their songs and those songs have also been hits.</div>
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Magar music</h4>
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Salaijo, Kauda and Sorathi are the three exclusive musical genres of Magar music.[citation needed]</div>
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Sherpa music</h4>
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Sherpa music is based on Tibetan Buddhism. This is identical to music of Tibet around the trans-Himalayan region. First and foremost Tibetan music is religious music, reflecting the influence of Tibetan Buddhism on the culture.</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nepal">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>

Music of Nepal

Music of Nepal Music of Nepal refers to the various musical genres heard in Nepal. With more than fifty ethnic groups, the music of t...

Solo Music

kshitiz shakya 0 flute 8:21 PM

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Solo (music)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt9lEOrB-e-LDfPpb7NPfRomNP8L8VJTT5OKpARoKwmipYtsJb_SOFandbDwKtqrgjVKIxNrXd_yJ0Ggq8C25jD-KXXq_RDYJzGEPmXi4EzUiH5V_bhl1IDg3y6ebvC-2hfU5ouKiKhe1R/s1600/download.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="256" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt9lEOrB-e-LDfPpb7NPfRomNP8L8VJTT5OKpARoKwmipYtsJb_SOFandbDwKtqrgjVKIxNrXd_yJ0Ggq8C25jD-KXXq_RDYJzGEPmXi4EzUiH5V_bhl1IDg3y6ebvC-2hfU5ouKiKhe1R/s400/download.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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In music, a solo (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer. Performing a solo is "to solo", and the performer is known as a soloist.</div>
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The plural is soli or the anglicised form solos. In some context these are interchangeable, but soli tends to be restricted to classical music, and tends to refer to either the solo performers or the solo passages in a single piece: it would not often be used to refer to several pieces that happen to be for single performers. Furthermore, the word soli can be used to refer to a small number of simultaneous parts assigned to single players in an orchestral composition. In the Baroque concerto grosso, the term for such a group of soloists was concertino.</div>
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History</div>
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18th century</div>
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In the Baroque and Classical periods, the word solo was virtually equivalent to sonata, and could refer either to a piece for one melody instrument with (continuo) accompaniment, or to a sonata for an unaccompanied melody instrument, such as Johann Sebastian Bach’s sonatas for violin alone</div>
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In music, a solo (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer. Performing a solo is "to solo", and the performer is known as a soloist.</div>
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The plural is soli or the anglicised form solos. In some context these are interchangeable, but soli tends to be restricted to classical music, and tends to refer to either the solo performers or the solo passages in a single piece: it would not often be used to refer to several pieces that happen to be for single performers. Furthermore, the word soli can be used to refer to a small number of simultaneous parts assigned to single players in an orchestral composition. In the Baroque concerto grosso, the term for such a group of soloists was concertino.</div>
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n the Baroque and Classical periods, the word solo was virtually equivalent to sonata, and could refer either to a piece for one melody instrument with (continuo) accompaniment, or to a sonata for an unaccompanied melody instrument, such as Johann Sebastian Bach’s sonatas for violin alone.In music, a solo (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer. Performing a solo is "to solo", and the performer is known as a soloist.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
The plural is soli or the anglicised form solos. In some context these are interchangeable, but soli tends to be restricted to classical music, and tends to refer to either the solo performers or the solo passages in a single piece: it would not often be used to refer to several pieces that happen to be for single performers. Furthermore, the word soli can be used to refer to a small number of simultaneous parts assigned to single players in an orchestral composition. In the Baroque concerto grosso, the term for such a group of soloists was concertino.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In music, a solo (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer. Performing a solo is "to solo", and the performer is known as a soloist.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The plural is soli or the anglicised form solos. In some context these are interchangeable, but soli tends to be restricted to classical music, and tends to refer to either the solo performers or the solo passages in a single piece: it would not often be used to refer to several pieces that happen to be for single performers. Furthermore, the word soli can be used to refer to a small number of simultaneous parts assigned to single players in an orchestral composition. In the Baroque concerto grosso, the term for such a group of soloists was concertino.In music, a solo (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer. Performing a solo is "to solo", and the performer is known as a soloist.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The plural is soli or the anglicised form solos. In some context these are interchangeable, but soli tends to be restricted to classical music, and tends to refer to either the solo performers or the solo passages in a single piece: it would not often be used to refer to several pieces that happen to be for single performers. Furthermore, the word soli can be used to refer to a small number of simultaneous parts assigned to single players in an orchestral composition. In the Baroque concerto grosso, the term for such a group of soloists was concertino.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In music, a solo (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer. Performing a solo is "to solo", and the performer is known as a soloist.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The plural is soli or the anglicised form solos. In some context these are interchangeable, but soli tends to be restricted to classical music, and tends to refer to either the solo performers or the solo passages in a single piece: it would not often be used to refer to several pieces that happen to be for single performers. Furthermore, the word soli can be used to refer to a small number of simultaneous parts assigned to single players in an orchestral composition. In the Baroque concerto grosso, the term for such a group of soloists was concertino.</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)">en.m.wikipedia.org</a></div>

Solo Music

Solo (music) In music, a solo (from the Italian: solo, meaning alone) is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single p...

Jazz

kshitiz shakya 0 saxophone 8:03 PM

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Jazz</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE4DZY_NF8d46cj1bS56zVnHS-A0dXAVdYgYIDNZtxui8dgZLtbyDcFHhdcXhSy0uXySumdZecTSseFJ-sRm-ZM6f6IW9SM6Z1gal7dQ-IVa09gYUKt9Cc-zRqwucS4TG4SmpjzYkX29pv/s1600/download+%252814%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="270" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE4DZY_NF8d46cj1bS56zVnHS-A0dXAVdYgYIDNZtxui8dgZLtbyDcFHhdcXhSy0uXySumdZecTSseFJ-sRm-ZM6f6IW9SM6Z1gal7dQ-IVa09gYUKt9Cc-zRqwucS4TG4SmpjzYkX29pv/s400/download+%252814%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Jazz is a music genre that originated in African American communities of New Orleans, United States,[1] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in blues and ragtime.[2] Since the 1920s Jazz Age, jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression. It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles, all linked by the common bonds of African American and European American musical parentage with a performance orientation.[3] Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms and improvisation. Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music.[4] Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience and styles to the art form as well. Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as "one of America's original art forms".[5]</div>
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As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, which gave rise to many distinctive styles. New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, a hard-swinging, bluesy, improvisational style and Gypsy jazz (a style that emphasized musette waltzes) were the prominent styles. Bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging "musician's music" which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, linear melodic lines.</div>
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The 1950s saw the emergence of free jazz, which explored playing without regular meter, beat and formal structures, and in the mid-1950s, hard bop emerged, which introduced influences from rhythm and blues, gospel, and blues, especially in the saxophone and piano playing. Modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock music's rhythms, electric instruments, and highly amplified stage sound. In the early 1980s, a commercial form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful, garnering significant radio airplay. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin and Afro-Cuban jazz.</div>
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Etymology and definition</h3>
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The question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a slang term dating back to 1860 meaning "pep, energy."[6] The earliest written record of the word is in a 1912 article in the Los Angeles Times in which a minor league baseball pitcher described a pitch which he called a jazz ball "because it wobbles and you simply can't do anything with it."[6]</div>
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The use of the word in a musical context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune.[7] Its first documented use in a musical context in New Orleans was in a November 14, 1916 Times-Picayune article about "jas bands."[8] In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the original slang connotations of the term, saying: "When Broadway picked it up, they called it 'J-A-Z-Z.' It wasn't called that. It was spelled 'J-A-S-S.' That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, you wouldn't say it in front of ladies."[9] The American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century.</div>
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Jazz has proved to be very difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years, from ragtime to the 2010-era rock-infused fusion. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, such as European music history or African music. But critic Joachim-Ernst Berendt argues that its terms of reference and its definition should be broader,[10] defining jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of the Negro with European music"[11] and arguing that it differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time defined as 'swing'", involves "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role" and contains a "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".[10] In the opinion of Robert Christgau, "most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz."[12]</div>
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A broader definition that encompasses all of the radically different eras of jazz has been proposed by Travis Jackson: "it is music that includes qualities such as swing, improvising, group interaction, developing an 'individual voice', and being open to different musical possibilities".[13] Krin Gibbard has provided an overview of the discussion on definitions, arguing that "jazz is a construct" that, while artificial, still is useful to designate "a number of musics with enough in common to be understood as part of a coherent tradition".[14] In contrast to the efforts of commentators and enthusiasts of certain types of jazz, who have argued for narrower definitions that exclude other types, the musicians themselves are often reluctant to define the music they play. As Duke Ellington, one of jazz's most famous figures, said: "It's all music"</div>
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Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>

Jazz

Jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in African American communities of New Orleans, United States,[1] in the late 19th and ear...