Music

Music Theory

<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 1.8em;">Music theory</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy0_Nd1YEaYTMkA59kGSJoVJqa3TvICVgaCOqNEc8Esv4fC5t4ZAEl_41uF4cbG97GvHs8yUjS2y-PUaBDy9ZCqcWwpfhv2mrBuh1n-KSRdlfTLxCK7sUe8qu7r3L64ZDPcayg3_jtVrcT/s1600/download+%252823%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="156" data-original-width="324" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy0_Nd1YEaYTMkA59kGSJoVJqa3TvICVgaCOqNEc8Esv4fC5t4ZAEl_41uF4cbG97GvHs8yUjS2y-PUaBDy9ZCqcWwpfhv2mrBuh1n-KSRdlfTLxCK7sUe8qu7r3L64ZDPcayg3_jtVrcT/s400/download+%252823%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</h1>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"The term is used in three main ways in music, though all three are interrelated. The first is what is otherwise called 'rudiments', currently taught as the elements of notation, of key signatures, of time signatures, of rhythmic notation, and so on. Theory in this sense is treated as the necessary preliminary to the study of harmony, counterpoint, and form. The second is the study of writings about music from ancient times onwards. [...] The third is an area of current musicological study that seeks to define processes and general principles in music — a sphere of research that can be distinguished from analysis in that it takes as its starting-point not the individual work or performance but the fundamental materials from which it is built."[1]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Music theory is frequently concerned with describing how musicians and composers make music, including tuning systems and composition methods among other topics. Because of the ever-expanding conception of what constitutes music (see Definition of music), a more inclusive definition could be that music theory is the consideration of any sonic phenomena, including silence, as they relate to music. This is not an absolute guideline; for example, the study of "music" in the Quadrivium liberal arts university curriculum that was common in medieval Europe was an abstract system of proportions that was carefully studied at a distance from actual musical practice.[2] However, this medieval discipline became the basis for tuning systems in later centuries, and it is generally included in modern scholarship on the history of music theory.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Music theory as a practical discipline encompasses the methods and concepts composers and other musicians use in creating music. The development, preservation, and transmission of music theory in this sense may be found in oral and written music-making traditions, musical instruments, and other artifacts. For example, ancient instruments from Mesopotamia, China,[3] and prehistoric sites around the world reveal details about the music they produced and potentially something of the musical theory that might have been used by their makers (see History of music and Musical instrument). In ancient and living cultures around the world, the deep and long roots of music theory are clearly visible in instruments, oral traditions, and current music making. Many cultures, at least as far back as ancient Mesopotamia and ancient China, have also considered music theory in more formal ways such as written treatises and music notation. Practical and scholarly traditions overlap, as many practical treatises about music place themselves within a tradition of other treatises, which are cited regularly just as scholarly writing cites earlier research.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In modern academia, music theory is a subfield of musicology, the wider study of musical cultures and history. Etymologically, music theory is an act of contemplation of music, from the Greek θεωρία, a looking at, viewing, contemplation, speculation, theory, also a sight, a spectacle.[4] As such, it is often concerned with abstract musical aspects such as tuning and tonal systems, scales, consonance and dissonance, and rhythmic relationships, but there is also a body of theory concerning practical aspects, such as the creation or the performance of music, orchestration, ornamentation, improvisation, and electronic sound production.[5] A person who researches, teaches, or writes articles about music theory is a music theorist. University study, typically to the M.A. or Ph.D level, is required to teach as a tenure-track music theorist in a US or Canadian university. Methods of analysis include mathematics, graphic analysis, and especially analysis enabled by Western music notation. Comparative, descriptive, statistical, and other methods are also used. Music theory textbooks, especially in the United States of America, often include elements of musical acoustics, considerations of musical notation, and techniques of tonal composition (Harmony and Counterpoint), among other topics.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
History</h3>
<h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Prehistory</div>
</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Preserved prehistoric instruments, artifacts, and later depictions of performance in artworks give insight into early music-making and as such might implicitly reveal something of a prehistoric theory of music. See for instance Paleolithic flutes, Gǔdí, and Anasazi flute.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
Antiquity</h3>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
Mesopotamia</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Several surviving Sumerian and Akkadian clay tablets include musical information of a theoretical nature, mainly lists of intervals and tunings.[6] The scholar Sam Mirelman reports that the earliest of these texts dates from before 1500 BCE, a millennium earlier than surviving evidence from any other culture of comparable musical thought. Further, "All the Mesopotamian texts [about music] are united by the use of a terminology for music that, according to the approximate dating of the texts, was in use for over 1,000 years."[7]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
China</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
See also: Music of China and Chinese musicology</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Much of Chinese music history and theory remains unclear.[8]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The earliest texts about Chinese music theory are inscribed on the stone and bronze bells excavated in 1978 from the tomb of Marquis Yi (died 433 BCE) of the Zeng state. They include more than 2800 words describing theories and practices of music pitches of the time. The bells produce two intertwined pentatonic scales three tones apart with additional pitches completing the chromatic scale.[9]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Chinese theory starts from numbers, the main musical numbers being twelve, five and eight. Twelve refers to the number of pitches on which the scales can be constructed. The Lüshi chunqiu from about 239 BCE recalls the legend of Ling Lun. On order of the Yellow Emperor, Ling Lun collected twelve bamboo lengths with thick and even nodes. Blowing on one of these like a pipe, he found its sound agreeable and named it huangzhong, the "Yellow Bell." He then heard phoenixes singing. The male and female phoenix each sang six tones. Ling Lun cut his bamboo pipes to match the pitches of the phoenixes, producing twelve pitch pipes in two sets: six from the male phoenix and six from the female: these were called the lülü or later the shierlü.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>

Music Theory

Music theory "The term is used in three main ways in music, though all three are interrelated. The first is what is otherwise ...

Middle age music

kshitiz shakya 0 violin 10:46 PM

<h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
THE HISTORY OF MUSIC</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdtV8kMrkwci73CguhnwBmq6IWgpQZxj2-vvPro309NU-di6P2xXdxhhHZ9wmHuyOtQsrdu5HSAbMSEcYQZ2PIa2moRHMu8dodX1_Gjh0YEoBMn7XSLwujvu-pT0DVwcM7VSMgrkTjBNK-/s1600/hqdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdtV8kMrkwci73CguhnwBmq6IWgpQZxj2-vvPro309NU-di6P2xXdxhhHZ9wmHuyOtQsrdu5HSAbMSEcYQZ2PIa2moRHMu8dodX1_Gjh0YEoBMn7XSLwujvu-pT0DVwcM7VSMgrkTjBNK-/s400/hqdefault.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
The Middle Ages 450-1450</h3>
<h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Characteristics of Music</div>
</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
          Music comes from the Ancient Greek muses, who were the nine goddesses of art and science.  Music actually began around 500 B.C. when Pythagoras experimented with acoustics and how math related to tones formed from plucking strings.  The main form of music during the Middle Ages was the Gregorian chant, named for Pope Gregory I.  This music was used in the Catholic Churches to enhance the services.  It consisted of a sacred Latin text sung by monks without instrumentation.  The chant is sung in a monophonic texture, which means there is only one line of music.  It has a free-flowing rhythm with little or no set beat.  The chants were originally all passed through oral tradition, but the chants became so numerous that the monks began to notate them. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
Music in Society</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Towards the end of the Middle Ages, about the 12th and 13th centuries, music began to move outside of the church.  French nobles called troubadours and trouveres were among the first to have written secular songs.  Music of this time was contained among the nobility, with court minstrels performing for them.  There were also wandering minstrels who would perform music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares.  These people were among the lowest social class, along with prostitutes and slaves, but they were important because they passed along information, since there were no newspapers.</div>
<h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Links to Composers of the Middle Ages</div>
</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Queen Blanche of Castile (1188-1252)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Comtessa Beatiz de Dia (attested 1212)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Herrad of Landsberg (1167-1195)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Leonin (1163-1190)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
The Renaissance 1450-1600</h4>
<h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Characteristics of Music</div>
</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
          During the Renaissance Period, vocal music was still more important then instrumental.  A humanistic interest in language created a close relationship between words and music during this time.  Composers began to write music to give deeper meaning and emotion to the words in their songs.  They wrote in a style referred to as word painting, where the music and words combine to form a representation of poetic images.  Renaissance music is very emotional music, although to us it seems to be much calmer.  This is because the emotion is expressed in a balanced way, without extreme contrasts of dynamics, tone color, and rhythm.  Renaissance music has a mostly polyphonic texture, which means there are many lines of music being played at the same time.  As opposed to medieval times, this music has a more full sound, because the bass register was used, expanding the range of music to about four octaves.  Each line of melody has rhythmic independence, giving Renaissance music a more flowing rhythm and not a sharply defined beat.  The melodies are also easy to sing because they move along scales with few large leaps.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
Music in Society</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
          Music was becoming more popular during this time.  Much of this was due to the invention of the printing press, which could circulate copies of music.  The number of composers also began to increase.  The Renaissance had the ideal of the “universal man” and believed that every educated person was to be trained in music.  Musicians still worked in the churches, courts, and towns.  The size of church choirs grew.  But unlike the Middle Ages where just a few soloists performed in the church, an entire male choir would now sing.  Music was still important in the church, although it has shifted more to the courts.  The kings, princes, and dukes were all fine composers.  One court alone might have had ten to sixty composers consisting of vocalists and instrumentalists.  There was a music director for each court that would compose and direct the court’s performers.  The town musicians would perform for civic processions, weddings, and religious services.  Musicians now had a higher status in society with better pay, and they wanted to be known and sought credit for their work.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
Links to Composers of the Renaissance</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Antoine Brumel (1460-1520)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jean de Castro (1540-1611)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
John Dowland (1563-1626)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Thomas Morley (1557-1602)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Claudin de Sermisy (1490-1562)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
The Baroque Age 1600-1750</h4>
<h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Characteristics of Music</div>
</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
          Unlike the previous two periods in music, the Baroque Age was a time of unity.  Most musical pieces of this time expressed one mood throughout the whole piece.  These moods were conveyed through a musical language with specific rhythms and melodic patterns.  One exception to the unified mood is vocal music.  There would be drastic changes in emotion, but they would still convey one mood for a long period in the piece.  One thing that helps the unity of mood was the continuity of rhythm of this time.  The rhythm is maintained throughout the entire piece creating a drive and feel of forward motion that goes uninterrupted.  Along with mood and rhythm, the melody is also continuous.  The melodies tend to be varied throughout the piece and many are elaborate and difficult to sing or remember.  They do not give an impression of balance and symmetry; many times a short opening phrase is followed by a longer one with a flow of rapid notes.  Dynamics are in the same category with the other characteristics; they are usually continuous.  The dynamics in Baroque music have a term called terraced dynamics.  This means that the dynamics usually stay the same for a while, but shift suddenly.  Much of the Baroque music was played in a polyphonic texture with multiple melodic lines.  People of this time believed that music could move the listener in more ways than one.  Opera was a major ideal for this belief.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
 Source:<a href="http://webpages.shepherd.edu/BREICH01/">webpages.shepherd.edu</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>

Middle age music

THE HISTORY OF MUSIC The Middle Ages 450-1450 Characteristics of Music Music comes from the Ancient Greek muses...

Music Genre

kshitiz shakya 0 piano 10:41 PM

<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
Music genre<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmAUnWdc-JSElQRG1qy5W8iQa8ejiFwXoqRsk7sZZJEOId_jhlDFZBonsG0i3taiibhSQQqnP5k4L21dx1h5dUYeMrL78BSKUyPAdjnWMGqyg7zqZpt76vGvwlve_zfeQVd_MugZ8_lITM/s1600/download+%25282%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="165" data-original-width="305" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmAUnWdc-JSElQRG1qy5W8iQa8ejiFwXoqRsk7sZZJEOId_jhlDFZBonsG0i3taiibhSQQqnP5k4L21dx1h5dUYeMrL78BSKUyPAdjnWMGqyg7zqZpt76vGvwlve_zfeQVd_MugZ8_lITM/s400/download+%25282%2529.png" width="400" /></a></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions.[1] It is to be distinguished from musical form and musical style, although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably.[2][not in citation given] Recently, academics have argued that categorizing music by genre is inaccurate and outdated.[3]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Music can be divided into different genres in many different ways. The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often subjective and controversial, and some genres may overlap. There are even varying academic definitions of the term genre itself. In his book Form in Tonal Music, Douglass M. Green distinguishes between genre and form. He lists madrigal, motet, canzona, ricercar, and dance as examples of genres from the Renaissance period. To further clarify the meaning of genre, Green writes, "Beethoven's Op. 61 and Mendelssohn's Op. 64 are identical in genre – both are violin concertos – but different in form. However, Mozart's Rondo for Piano, K. 511, and the Agnus Dei from his Mass, K. 317 are quite different in genre but happen to be similar in form."[4] Some, like Peter van der Merwe, treat the terms genre and style as the same, saying that genre should be defined as pieces of music that share a certain style or "basic musical language."[5] Others, such as Allan F. Moore, state that genre and style are two separate terms, and that secondary characteristics such as subject matter can also differentiate between genres.[6] A music genre or subgenre may also be defined by the musical techniques, the style, the cultural context, and the content and spirit of the themes. Geographical origin is sometimes used to identify a music genre, though a single geographical category will often include a wide variety of subgenres. Timothy Laurie argues that since the early 1980s, "genre has graduated from being a subset of popular music studies to being an almost ubiquitous framework for constituting and evaluating musical research objects".[7]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Among the criteria often used to classify musical genres are the trichotomy of art, popular, and traditional musics.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Alternatively, music can be divided on three variables: arousal, valence, and depth.[3] Arousal reflects the energy level of the music; valence reflects the scale from sad to happy emotions, and depth reflects the level of emotional depth in the music.[3] These three variables help explain why many people who like similar songs from different traditionally segregated genres</div>
<h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The art/popular/traditional distinction</div>
</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Musicologists have sometimes classified music according to a trichotomic distinction such as Philip Tagg's "axiomatic triangle consisting of 'folk', 'art' and 'popular' musics".[8] He explains that each of these three is distinguishable from the others according to certain criteria.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
Art music</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Main article: Art music</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
See also: List of art music traditions</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The term art music refers primarily to classical traditions, including both contemporary and historical classical music forms. Art music exists in many parts of the world. It emphasizes formal styles that invite technical and detailed deconstruction[9] and criticism, and demand focused attention from the listener. In Western practice, art music is considered primarily a written musical tradition,[10] preserved in some form of music notation rather than being transmitted orally, by rote, or in recordings, as popular and traditional music usually are.[10][11] Historically, most western art music has been written down using the standard forms of music notation that evolved in Europe, beginning well before the Renaissance and reaching its maturity in the Romantic period. The identity of a "work" or "piece" of art music is usually defined by the notated version rather than by a particular performance, and is primarily associated with the composer rather than the performer (though composers may leave performers with some opportunity for interpretation or improvisation). This is so particularly in the case of western classical music. Art music may include certain forms of jazz, though some feel that jazz is primarily a form of popular music.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sacred Christian music forms an important part of the classical music tradition and repertoire, but can also be considered to have an identity of its own</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Popular music[edit]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Main article: Popular music</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The term popular music refers to any musical style accessible to the general public and disseminated by the mass media. Musicologist and popular music specialist Philip Tagg defined the notion in the light of sociocultural and economical aspects:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Popular music, unlike art music, is (1) conceived for mass distribution to large and often socioculturally heterogeneous groups of listeners, (2) stored and distributed in non-written form, (3) only possible in an industrial monetary economy where it becomes a commodity and (4) in capitalist societies, subject to the laws of 'free' enterprise ... it should ideally sell as much as possible.[8]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Popular music is found on most commercial radio stations, in most commercial music retailers and department stores, and in movie and television soundtracks. It is noted on the Billboard charts and, in addition to singer-songwriters and composers, it involves music producers more than other genres do.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The distinction between classical and popular music has sometimes been blurred in marginal areas[12] such as minimalist music and light classics. Background music for films/movies often draws on both traditions. In this respect, music is like fiction, which likewise draws a distinction between literary fiction and popular fiction that is not always precise</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genre">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>

Music Genre

Music genre A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of ...

Music Festivals

kshitiz shakya 0 saxophone 10:36 PM

<h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Music festival</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVzh6_ENQ8ziwf_Edyh1TcM065aXzxCjEk4Uq-q2w5-LS6-0TQ5shh5mi5KttUE3uN4RLJ7ziO19jCE5k0vHxQ4UsvDO9Cd9R-uxLxi5GpLc14LsqGvtaU47EU1uvMEXw6GjSseoQ93FTp/s1600/download+%25289%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="134" data-original-width="377" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVzh6_ENQ8ziwf_Edyh1TcM065aXzxCjEk4Uq-q2w5-LS6-0TQ5shh5mi5KttUE3uN4RLJ7ziO19jCE5k0vHxQ4UsvDO9Cd9R-uxLxi5GpLc14LsqGvtaU47EU1uvMEXw6GjSseoQ93FTp/s400/download+%25289%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality, or locality of musicians, or holiday. They are commonly held outdoors, and are often inclusive of other attractions such as food and merchandise vending, performance art, and social activities. Many festivals are annual, or repeat at some other interval. Some, including many rock festivals, are held only once. Some festivals are organized as for-profit concerts and others are benefits for a specific cause. Another type of music festival is the educative type, organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement.</div>
<h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Ancient festivals</div>
</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Pythian Games at Delphi included musical performances, and may be one of the earliest festivals known.[1] During the Middle Ages, festivals were often held as competitions.</div>
<h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Educative festivals</div>
</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Another type of music festival is the educative type, often organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement. Entrants perform prepared pieces in front of an audience which includes competitors. But the essential feature of this type of festival is that each participant receives verbal and written feedback, there and then, from a highly qualified, professional adjudicator—someone whom they might never meet in any other way. They also usually receive a certificate, classified according to merit, and some may win trophies. The competitive element is often played down, however, as the important aspect is that participants can learn from one another. Such festivals aim to provide a friendly and supportive platform for musicians to share in the excitement of making music. For many, they provide a bridge from lessons and examinations to performing confidently in public.</div>
<h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Festivals around the world</div>
</h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Milwaukee, Wisconsin's 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as "The World's Largest Music Festival", a title certified by the Guinness World Records and has been held since 1999. Operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts.[2][3] The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, and the Polish spin-off Przystanek Woodstock drew 700,000 in 2011. The largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year.[4] Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, but has "fallow years" roughly every five years, so it is the biggest non-annual greenfield festival in the world. The oldest annual dedicated pop music festival in the world is Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands,[5] though in other genres, there are much older ones: the Three Choirs Festival in the UK has run annually[citation needed] since 1719</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Milwaukee, Wisconsin's 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as "The World's Largest Music Festival", a title certified by the Guinness World Records and has been held since 1999. Operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts.[2][3] The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, and the Polish spin-off Przystanek Woodstock drew 700,000 in 2011. The largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year.[4] Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, but has "fallow years" roughly every five years, so it is the biggest non-annual greenfield festival in the world. The oldest annual dedicated pop music festival in the world is Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands,[5] though in other genres, there are much older ones: the Three Choirs Festival in the UK has run annually[citation needed] since 1719.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Festivals around the world[edit]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Milwaukee, Wisconsin's 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as "The World's Largest Music Festival", a title certified by the Guinness World Records and has been held since 1999. Operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts.[2][3] The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, and the Polish spin-off Przystanek Woodstock drew 700,000 in 2011. The largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year.[4] Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, but has "fallow years" roughly every five years, so it is the biggest non-annual greenfield festival in the world. The oldest annual dedicated pop music festival in the world is Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands,[5] though in other genres, there are much older ones: the Three Choirs Festival in the UK has run annually[citation needed] since 1719.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festival">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>

Music Festivals

Music festival A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, ...

Music Industry

kshitiz shakya 0 dhimay 10:30 PM

<h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Music industry</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggOGB8ZQxUg9dZcSk6X3IZZm8OdNxkNH3KKPpwHCSgSTzsng83NPM9PdSdjrtpyl-CSW-qfDbGCB2FYYay9fXLucpjHHgdC8H8l3CyToYr2qt7wjS_xCAnHu5d7UUUX7XIbGLitdiZDlnO/s1600/download+%252821%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="177" data-original-width="284" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggOGB8ZQxUg9dZcSk6X3IZZm8OdNxkNH3KKPpwHCSgSTzsng83NPM9PdSdjrtpyl-CSW-qfDbGCB2FYYay9fXLucpjHHgdC8H8l3CyToYr2qt7wjS_xCAnHu5d7UUUX7XIbGLitdiZDlnO/s400/download+%252821%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The music industry consists of the companies and individuals that earn money by creating new songs and pieces and selling live concerts and shows, audio and video recordings, compositions and sheet music, and the organizations and associations that aid and represent creators. Among the many individuals and organizations that operate in the industry are: the songwriters and composers who create new songs and musical pieces; the singers, musicians, conductors and bandleaders who perform the music; the companies and professionals who create and sell recorded music and/or sheet music (e.g., music publishers, music producers, recording studios, engineers, record labels, retail and online music stores, performance rights organizations); and those that help organize and present live music performances (sound engineers, booking agents, promoters, music venues, road crew).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The industry also includes a range of professionals who assist singers and musicians with their music careers (talent managers, artists and repertoire managers, business managers, entertainment lawyers); those who broadcast audio or video music content (satellite, Internet radio stations, broadcast radio and TV stations); music journalists and music critics; DJs; music educators and teachers; musical instrument manufacturers; as well as many others. In addition to the businesses and artists who work in the music industry to make a profit or income, there are a range of organizations that also play an important role in the music industry, including musician's unions (e.g., American Federation of Musicians), not-for-profit performance-rights organizations (e.g., American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) and other associations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when records replaced sheet music as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, "the recording industry"–a reference to recording performances of songs and pieces and selling the recordings–began to be used as a loose synonym for "the music industry". In the 2000s, a majority of the music market is controlled by three major corporate labels: the French-owned Universal Music Group, the Japanese-owned Sony Music Entertainment,[1] and the US-owned Warner Music Group. Labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as independent labels (or "indies"). The largest portion of the live music market for concerts and tours is controlled by Live Nation, the largest promoter and music venue owner. Live Nation is a former subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the first decades of the 2000s, the music industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet (which includes both illegal file sharing of songs and legal music purchases in online music stores). A conspicuous indicator of these changes is total music sales: since 2000, sales of recorded music have dropped off substantially[2][3] while live music has increased in importance.[4] In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, Internet-based platform operated by a computer company: Apple Inc.'s online iTunes Store.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
History</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century. The development of music publication followed the evolution of printing technologies that were first developed for printing regular books. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing sheet music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of liturgical chants, dates from about 1465, shortly after the Gutenberg Bible was printed. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand. To copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of secular (non-religious) music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The use of printing enabled sheet music to reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to other cities and countries more quickly, and it also enabled music to be spread to more distant areas. Prior to the invention of music printing, a composer's music might only be known in the city she lived in and its surrounding towns, because only wealthy aristocrats would be able to afford to have hand copies made of her music. With music printing, though, a composer's music could be printed and sold at a relatively low cost to purchasers from a wide geographic area. As sheet music of major composer's pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and an Italian composer could buy pieces written by Dutch composers and learn how they wrote music. This led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>

Music Industry

Music industry The music industry consists of the companies and individuals that earn money by creating new songs and pieces and sell...

Music history 102

kshitiz shakya 0 flute 10:22 PM

<h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Music History 102</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaVNodCEVpFd8GYjLJMCjut_Npj_TQWVyBS8jCbsUN7f6g7hTqKfcGERn0wdjJH1En3y78Je656aPJAbMta87wv3QvYrj3NJ585xqPsbtO1fxAOs2irRR8bojbkN6-ju-pwrXmJVizdJf6/s1600/download+%252820%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="317" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaVNodCEVpFd8GYjLJMCjut_Npj_TQWVyBS8jCbsUN7f6g7hTqKfcGERn0wdjJH1En3y78Je656aPJAbMta87wv3QvYrj3NJ585xqPsbtO1fxAOs2irRR8bojbkN6-ju-pwrXmJVizdJf6/s400/download+%252820%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</h3>
<h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
 Deposition of Christi (The Mourning of Christ) by Giotto di Bondone</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Middle Ages</div>
</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Western Europe entered a time known as "The Dark Ages" — a period when invading hordes of Vandals, Huns, and Visigoths overran Europe. These years were marked by constant warfare, the absence of a Holy Roman Emperor, and the virtual disappearance of urban life. Over the next next nine centuries, the newly emerging Christian Church came to dominate Europe, administering justice, instigating "Holy" Crusades against the East, establishing Universities, and generally dictating the destiny of music, art, and literature. It was during this time that Pope Gregory I is generally believed to have collected and codified the music known as Gregorian Chant, which was the approved music of the Church. Much later, the University at Notre Dame in Paris saw the creation of a new kind of music called organum. Secular music was performed throughout Europe by the troubadours and trouvères of France. And it was during these "Middle Ages" that Western culture saw the appearance of the first great name in music, Guillaume de Machaut.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
 The Last Supper by Tintoretto</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Renaissance</div>
</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Generally considered to be from ca.1420 to 1600, the Renaissance (which literally means "rebirth") was a time of great cultural awakening and a flowering of the arts, letters, and sciences throughout Europe. With the rise of humanism, sacred music began for the first time to break free of the confines of the Church, and a school of composers trained in the Netherlands mastered the art of polyphony in their settings of sacred music. One of the early masters of the Flemish style was Josquin des Prez. These polyphonic traditions reached their culmination in the unsurpassed works of Giovanni da Palestrina.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Of course, secular music thrived during this period, and instrumental and dance music was performed in abundance, if not always written down. It was left for others to collect and notate the wide variety of irrepressible instrumental music of the period. The late Renaissance also saw in England the flourishing of the English madrigal, the best known of which were composed by such masters as John Dowland, William Byrd, Thomas Morley and others.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
 Henry IV Receives the Portrait by Peter Paul Rubens</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Baroque Age</div>
</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Named after the popular ornate architectural style of the time, the Baroque period (ca.1600 to 1750) saw composers beginning to rebel against the styles that were prevalent during the High Renaissance. This was a time when the many monarchies of Europe vied in outdoing each other in pride, pomp and pageantry. Many monarchs employed composers at their courts, where they were little more than servants expected to churn out music for any desired occasions. The greatest composer of the period, Johann Sebastian Bach, was such a servant. Yet the best composers of the time were able to break new musical ground, and in so doing succeeded in creating an entirely new style of music.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It was during the early part of the seventeenth century that the genre of opera was first created by a group of composers in Florence, Italy, and the earliest operatic masterpieces were composed by Claudio Monteverdi. The instrumental concerto became a staple of the Baroque era, and found its strongest exponent in the works of the Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi. Harpsichord music achieved new heights, due to the works of such masters as Domenico Scarlatti and others. Dances became formalized into instrumental suites and were composed by virtually all composers of the era. But vocal and choral music still reigned supreme during this age, and culminated in the operas and oratorios of German-born composer George Frideric Handel.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
 The Swing by Jean-Honore Fragonard</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Classical Period</div>
</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
From roughly 1750 to 1820, artists, architechts, and musicians moved away from the heavily ornamented styles of the Baroque and the Rococo, and instead embraced a clean, uncluttered style they thought reminiscent of Classical Greece. The newly established aristocracies were replacing monarchs and the church as patrons of the arts, and were demanding an impersonal, but tuneful and elegant music. Dances such as the minuet and the gavotte were provided in the forms of entertaining serenades and divertimenti.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At this time the Austrian capital of Vienna became the musical center of Europe, and works of the period are often referred to as being in the Viennese style. Composers came from all over Europe to train in and around Vienna, and gradually they developed and formalized the standard musical forms that were to predominate European musical culture for the next several decades. A reform of the extravagance of Baroque opera was undertaken by Christoph von Gluck. Johann Stamitz contributed greatly to the growth of the orchestra and developed the idea of the orchestral symphony. The Classical period reached its majestic culmination with the masterful symphonies, sonatas, and string quartets by the three great composers of the Viennese school: Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. During the same period, the first voice of the burgeoning Romantic musical ethic can be found in the music of Viennese composer Franz Schubert.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:<a href="http://www.ipl.org/div/mushist/">www.ipl.org</a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>

Music history 102

Music History 102 Deposition of Christi (The Mourning of Christ) by Giotto di Bondone The Middle Ages After the collapse o...

Saxophone

kshitiz shakya 0 madal 10:15 PM

<h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Saxophone</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-Z8kgEGioCWTR-pXKdbEujdJ-8xZliI0acEV6z1ONuQdshxZqq9Rfh0AXutiFuNHFOHL5buei7yqpa79XaABEBZwGsjO8-zheWlQINuWv-7StGs3Tea_QgZ3cDXDZDnNwwzDLoODWkxj/s1600/download+%252819%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="153" data-original-width="329" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-Z8kgEGioCWTR-pXKdbEujdJ-8xZliI0acEV6z1ONuQdshxZqq9Rfh0AXutiFuNHFOHL5buei7yqpa79XaABEBZwGsjO8-zheWlQINuWv-7StGs3Tea_QgZ3cDXDZDnNwwzDLoODWkxj/s400/download+%252819%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The saxophone[2] (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet.[2] Like the clarinet, saxophones have holes in the instrument which the player closes using a system of key mechanisms. When the player presses a key, this typically causes a pad to close over a hole.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The saxophone family was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840.[2][3] Adolphe Sax wanted to create a group or series of instruments that would be the most powerful and vocal of the woodwinds, and the most adaptive of the brass instruments, that would fill the vacant middle ground between the two sections. Mr. Sax patented the saxophone on June 28, 1846, in two groups of seven instruments each. Each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B♭ and E♭, designed for military bands, have proved popular and most saxophones encountered today are from this series. Instruments from the so-called "orchestral" series, pitched in C and F, never gained a foothold, and the B♭ and E♭ instruments have now replaced the C and F instruments when the saxophone is used in an orchestra.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The saxophone is used in classical music (such as concert bands, some post-Romantic music era orchestral works; chamber music, and solo repertoires), military bands, marching bands, and jazz (such as big bands and jazz combos). The sax is also used as a soloing and melody instrument or as a member of a horn section in some styles of rock and roll and popular music. Saxophone players are called saxophonists.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
History</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The saxophone was developed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument maker, flautist, and clarinetist. Born in Dinant and originally based in Brussels, he moved to Paris in 1842 to establish his musical instrument business. Prior to his work on the saxophone, he had made several improvements to the bass clarinet by improving its keywork and acoustics and extending its lower range. Sax was also a maker of the then-popular ophicleide, a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument. His experience with these two instruments allowed him to develop the skills and technologies needed to make the first saxophones. As an outgrowth of his work improving the bass clarinet, Sax began developing an instrument with the projection of a brass instrument and the agility of a woodwind. He wanted it to overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown. An instrument that overblows at the octave has identical fingering for both registers.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sax created an instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece like a clarinet, conical brass body like an ophicleide, and some acoustic properties of both the horn and the clarinet.[clarification needed]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Having constructed saxophones in several sizes in the early 1840s, Sax applied for, and received, a 15-year patent for the instrument on June 28, 1846.[4] The patent encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split into two categories of seven instruments each, and ranging from sopranino to contrabass. Although the instruments transposed at either F or C have been considered "orchestral", there is no evidence that Sax intended this. As only three percent of Sax's surviving production were pitched in F and C, and as contemporary composers used the E♭ alto and B♭ bass saxophone freely in orchestral music, it is almost certain that Sax experimented to find the most suitable keys for these instruments, settling upon instruments alternating between E♭ and B♭ rather than those pitched in F or C, for reasons of tone and economy (the saxophones were the most expensive wind instruments of their day). The C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. All the instruments were given an initial written range from the B below the treble staff to the F, one space above the three ledger lines above staff, giving each saxophone a range of two and a half octaves.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sax's patent expired in 1866;[5] thereafter, numerous saxophonists and instrument manufacturers implemented their own improvements to the design and keywork. The first substantial modification was by a French manufacturer who extended the bell slightly and added an extra key to extend the range downwards by one semitone to B♭. It is suspected that Sax himself may have attempted this modification. This extension is now commonplace in almost all modern designs, along with other minor changes such as added keys for alternate fingerings. Using alternate fingerings allows a player to play faster and more easily. A player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch. Some of the alternate fingerings are good for trilling, scales, and big interval jumps.[6]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sax's original keywork, which was based on the Triebert system 3 oboe for the left hand and the Boehm clarinet for the right, was simplistic and made playing some legato passages and wide intervals extremely difficult to finger, so numerous developers added extra keys and alternate fingerings to make chromatic playing less difficult. While early saxophones had two separate octave vents to assist in the playing of the upper registers just as modern instruments do, players of Sax's original design had to operate these via two separate octave keys operated by the left thumb. A substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key, which is now universal on modern saxophones.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone">en.wikipedia.org</a></div>

Saxophone

Saxophone The saxophone[2] (also referred to as the sax) is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass an...